• Intestinal epithelium renewal is tightly controlled by Hedge

  2022-06-07

  

  Intestinal epithelium renewal is tightly controlled by Hedgehog genes. Three Hedgehog genes are highly conserved in mouse and human, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh) [13]. Hedgehogs bind to Patched (PTCH) [[14], [15], [16]], which unlike conventional r

• br Acknowledgments This research was funded by generous gran

  2022-06-07

  

  Acknowledgments This research was funded by generous grants from the Singapore National Medical Research Council (NMRC CBRG grant NMRC/CBRG12Nov114 (BD)). WJC is supported by NMRC Clinician Scientist Investigator award and partly supported by a Singapore Cancer Syndicate Grant, the National Resea

• Stimulation of GC A by CNP was further corroborated by

  2022-06-07

  

  Stimulation of GC-A by CNP was further corroborated by using a cGMP enzyme immunoassay. We could show that CNP significantly stimulated cGMP synthesis in the GC-A reporter cell line. CNP stimulation resulted in similar maximal cGMP levels compared to stimulation by ANP and BNP. Therefore, by lumines

• Levodopa br Conclusions br Introduction Astrocytes contribut

  2022-06-07

  

  Conclusions Introduction Astrocytes contribute to physiological Levodopa function on many levels. They help maintain the physiological composition of the extracellular medium by, for instance, buffering potassium and uptake of neurotransmitters. They can also provide neurons with energy substr

• In this study we demonstrate that HHcy upregulated the expre

  2022-06-07

  

  In this study, we demonstrate that HHcy upregulated the expression of GSNOR in T cells. As a result, GSNOR induced denitrosylation of Akt in Hcy-activated T ISRIB in vivo and in vitro, which contributed to vascular inflammation and susceptibility to atherosclerosis in GSNOR-/-ApoE-/- mice. The tran

• GSK is inhibited by serine

  2022-06-07

  

  GSK-3 is inhibited by serine Ranolazine sale at a residue its N-terminus (Ser 9 in GSK-3β and Ser 21 in GSK-3α) [52], [53], [54]. This raised the possibility that the N-terminal tail may function as a pseudo-substrate by mimicking the pre-phosphorylated substrate. The interaction mode of the pseudo

• Routine administration of exogenous GC is pertinent during l

  2022-06-07

  

  Routine administration of exogenous GC is pertinent during late gestation, particularly in women who are at risk of delivering a preterm infant, aiming at ensuring proper neonatal outcome and survival (Kamath-Rayne et al., 2012). Unfortunately, despite its beneficial roles in foetal survival, variou

• br Results and discussion br Conclusions In

  2022-06-07

  

  Results and discussion Conclusions In summary, we generated analogues of the hit compounds 1–3, studied their structure–activity relationships, and created a series of highly potent GPR55 agonists. The most potent agonists among the series were 17a-b, 17e, 17g and 17l with EC50 values below 10

• It is interesting to note that the long and

  2022-06-07

  

  It is interesting to note that the long and short forms of GPR120 exist at different basal levels of phosphorylation, with the short form demonstrating a greater degree of constitutive activity [12]. Importantly, Burns and Moniri [12] showed that, upon activation, the long and short isoforms of GPR1

• Molecular mechanisms of decidualization have been studied fo

  2022-06-07

  

  Molecular mechanisms of decidualization have been studied for years, revealing numerous signaling pathways and transcriptional factors participated in the regulation [37,38]. As a central controller of deicdualization, FOXO1 regulates the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are in

• The GLU Epac transgenic mouse enabled

  2022-06-07

  

  The GLU-Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to monitor cAMP responses to GPR119 ligands in individual primary cultured L-cells. Not all L-cells were found to be responsive to AR231453, suggesting there may be a subpopulation of L-cells that do not express functional GPR119. There was a tendency for sma

• Conjugated BAs via S PR

  2022-06-07

  

  Conjugated BAs via S1PR2 also activate ERK1/2- and AKT-signaling pathways leading to the growth and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells. The role of conjugated BAs via S1PR2 to regulate apoptosis or cancer progression remains to be dissected. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the composition of

• Functional studies based on patch clamp electrophysiology pr

  2022-06-06

  

  Functional studies based on patch-clamp electrophysiology provide additional information on the active state of GlyR α1. Current-voltage measurements from single such as in outside-out patches at symmetric 145-mM chloride concentration yielded a unitary conductance of 86 pS for the main open state

• The role for noggin in telencephalic

  2022-06-06

  

  The role for noggin in telencephalic development and also adult neural stem cell expansion and differentiation has been debated, and noggin has been suggested to exert diverse effects in these events (Bachiller et al., 2000, Bonaguidi et al., 2008, Colak et al., 2008; de Chevigny et al., 2008, Li et

• L Family Leguminosae widely distributed in tropical and

  2022-06-06

  

  L. (Family Leguminosae) widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As a medicinal and edible plant, it is widely used in Asia, especially in China, Korea, Japan and India. It was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (神农本草经), and was described having the effect of cleari

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