• To study the effects of

  2021-10-22

  

  To study the effects of GPR40 at the whole-animal level, GPR40 mice have been generated in two different genetic backgrounds [18], [19]. GPR40 mice from both backgrounds were apparently healthy with no overt signs of metabolic or other abnormalities. As expected, pancreatic islets taken from GPR40 m

• The lactam compounds including ceftriaxone CEF have shown to

  2021-10-22

  

  The β-lactam compounds, including ceftriaxone (CEF), have shown to attenuate drug-seeking in several drugs of abuse including methamphetamine [31], cocaine [32,33], nicotine [34] and morphine [35]. Moreover, in our laboratory, we have shown that CEF can reduce chronic alcohol drinking via upregulati

• br SMO antagonists pitfalls and

  2021-10-22

  

  SMO antagonists: pitfalls and limitations The first Hh inhibitor discovered was cyclopamine, a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from Veratrum californicum[21], which inactivates SMO by directly binding to its hepathelical bundle. Nevertheless, cyclopamine has shown several limitations as a d

• The patterns of Fig Fig emerge at the multicellular

  2021-10-22

  

  The patterns of Fig. 1, Fig. 2 emerge at the multicellular level; their dynamics can only be understood by integrating different magnitudes and feedback loops in networks incorporating the coupling between biochemical and bioelectrical signals (see Fig. 6, Fig. 8). Interestingly, this might also be

• There is a dual inducer of both galanin and

  2021-10-22

  

  There is a dual inducer of both galanin and super-threshold pain. First, injury-induced pain may stimulate galanin secretion. After peripheral nerve injury, the galanin expression level was upregulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), dorsal horn and hypothalamic arcuate of rats [25], [28], [33]. The

• br The bile acid farnesoid X receptor FXR The Farnesoid

  2021-10-21

  

  The “bile acid” farnesoid X receptor (FXR) The Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor belonging to the Nuclear Receptor superfamily of transcription factors exploiting various crucial functions in mammalian physiology, including reproduction, development and metabolism

• A species specific diverse number of FPPS genes are present

  2021-10-21

  

  A species-specific diverse number of FPPS genes are present in insect genomes (Zhang and Li, 2008, Cusson et al., 2006). The genome of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti contains a single FPPS gene (AaFPPS) that is highly expressed in the CA (Nouzova et al., 2011). FPPS catalytic activity in th

• The other possibility for the lack of effects of H

  2021-10-21

  

  The other possibility for the lack of effects of H1 receptor agonists, e.g. histamine, on the NMDAR-mediated responses is that other neurotransmitters may cause more profound effects than histamine on the gliotransmitter release from astrocytes. For example, recent studies showed that noradrenaline,

• We noticed that the spontaneous openings of

  2021-10-21

  

  We noticed that the spontaneous openings of the D97R α1 GlyR appeared to be quite similar to those elicited by a maximally-effective glycine concentration on wildtype GlyR; both generated similar open and shut dwell-time histograms, both exhibited openings grouped into clusters with Popen values gre

• br Conflict of interest statement

  2021-10-21

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgments This work was funded in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK award #DK61425 (to PWS). Introduction The efflux of toxic compounds from the cell by multidrug exporters is an important mechanism for cellular homeostasis a

• br Author contribution br Declaration of interest

  2021-10-21

  

  Author contribution Declaration of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81473093) and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM1601ZZ-02). Introduction Diabetes represents a majo

• br Treatment KD is currently the treatment of choice for

  2021-10-21

  

  Treatment KD is currently the treatment of choice for GLUT1-DS. It is a high-fat, carbohydrate-restricted diet that mimics the metabolic state of fasting; so, the KD relies an exogenous rather than body fat for ketone production, thus maintaining ketosis without weight loss. As the developing br

• br Voltage dependent anion channel VDAC

  2021-10-21

  

  Voltage-dependent anion channel VDAC is a ubiquitous protein showing well conserved structural and functional properties in spite of major variations in its sequence (for review see [50]). Most of what we know about VDAC electrophysiological properties (for reviews, see [51], [52]) was initially

• It should be noted that

  2021-10-21

  

  It should be noted that the applied steered unfolding of the i-motif and G-quadruplex satisfies the conditions of Jarzynski inequality for computations of the free energy change. [41] However, in order to reproduce the free energy with an adequate quality a number of nonequilibrium unfolding transit

• One effective approach to fine tuning the lipophilicity prof

  2021-10-21

  

  One effective approach to fine-tuning the lipophilicity profile of FFA1 agonists is to ‘decorate’ the 3-phenylpropahoic GSK1016790A scaffold with polar heterocyclic moieties. Alternatively, this scaffold could be replaced with heterocyclic isosteres (as in Takeda’s compounds 1,2 and 3 as well as Am

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